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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR NON-METAL MINING

non-metallic mining in Peru

Overview According

mining cadastre, 121 companies are engaged in the exploitation of non-metal mineral is mostly small businesses which supply the local market, as is the case - for example - of the craft to produce sand and aggregates for construction.

With the exception of a few large firms, in 1997 there is an awareness of environmental problems or the consequences of any mining of nonmetallic mining sector.

Legal Framework

Mining in Peru is governed by the General Mining Law, the Amended Text approved by Supreme Decree 014-92-EM. This legal provision rule mining as a whole, establishing its institutions and procedures. To exercise the mining activity is necessary to have a mining concession, the same is granted on a minimum area of \u200b\u200b100 ha (a grid) and a maximum area of \u200b\u200b1000 hectares (ten squares) bounded by UTM coordinates.

The maintenance grant is subject to the payment of the right of force. The mine is exerted jurisdiction for the Council on Mining and ultimate administration; the General Mining and regulatory and supervisory body and the public registry responsible for Mining and the granting of the mining concessions, the drafting of the Mining Cadastre and Registration Concession .

Investors and whether national or foreign individuals or legal entities have the same rights and obligations, except in those cases in which the case of areas located 50 km from the border line in the case of foreign investors.

When operating in a free market economy, companies can remit abroad their total profits, capital redemption and payment of licensing in technology transfer agreements.

water pollution hazard

fuel spills and other chemicals used in mining non-metallic

constitute a great danger. Machines and vehicles used in mines

represent also a danger in view of possible spills of fuels and lubricants

.

extraction in rivers and lakes is the highest risk because there

danger of fuel spills and other chemical compounds

be in direct contact with water.

Socioeconomic Impacts

nonmetallic mining has a strong impact on humans and the activities it performs. Common consequences of mining are

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destruction of agricultural land

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changes in ethnic structure of the area

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changes in local tradition

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Phases of Projects and Environmental Controls

Each project includes in general three distinct phases:

1. prospecting, exploration and mine development.

This phase presents an EIA.

2. Farm

During the operational phase, the company must file a

Study Environmental Impact

environmental management program, which must be

controlled by an external auditor.

3. Closure and Rehabilitation

After the exploitation of the deposit, the enterprise should run the corresponding

closure and rehabilitation plan.

These activities should be checked by the competent authority .

demographic changes by improving infrastructure

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ROLE OF MINING IN PERU

Mining is one of the sectors most important Peruvian economy is usually more than 50% of exports Peruvian figures around 4 billion dollars a year. By its very nature large-scale mining is a sector that generates large movements of capital but not labor, and in 2003 accounted for 4.7% of GDP, but occupied only 0.7% of the PEA. Mining has become so important that since 1993, Peru has doubled its production minerals.

The main minerals exported by our country are: copper, gold , iron, silver, zinc and lead, among others. Currently they are all strongly demanded as inputs to processes high-tech industry.
Peru is a traditional mining country. During the colonial era were exploited the silver mines of Potosi (Bolivia Today ) and the quicksilver mines of Santa Barbara (Huancavelica). The quicksilver is known today as the mercury and was once essential for the separation of silver. Various sources agree that minerals from these mines allowed the survival and development of Europe.

In Peru, the holding Cerro de Pasco (Pasco) opened in 1905 and in 1922 opened the La Oroya metallurgical complex (Junín). In the nineties, numerous mining concessions granted as part of the political opening of markets government of Alberto Fujimori. Currently the largest copper holdings are recorded in Cuajone (Moquegua), Toquepala (Tacna), Cerro Verde (Arequipa) and Tintaya (Cuzco). Cerro de Pasco and its surroundings continue to extract zinc, lead and silver. Marcona (Ica) with iron and San Rafael (Puno) with tin. With respect to gold, Yanacocha and Sipan (Cajamarca), Pierina (Ancash) and Santa Rosa (La Libertad ) are the biggest farms.

Peru has 16% of of known mineral reserves, including 15% of copper and 7% of zinc. It is estimated that up to today day Peru, has drawn only 12% of their mineral resources and with adequate technology can triple its current production , especially in base metals. The main plaintiffs are U.S. gold , Switzerland and the UK. Thus, since 1990 in Peru withdrawals have increased by 500%.

The privatization of the large domestic mining, undertaken by the government Peru in 1991, has attracted over one hundred foreign companies. 40% of these investments comes from Canada, and the rest of Australia , United States, Mexico , South Africa, China , Switzerland, United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Italy . The state and Centromín companies and Minero Peru were virtually shut down and its assets liquidated.

For the period between 1992 and 2007 is planned invest 9.811 million dollars in the sector. The most ambitious project the Canadian companies Noranda, Rio Algom and Teck, and Japan's Mitsubishi, polymetallic deposit in Antamina that produces copper, lead, silver and zinc, is located in Ancash and is considered one of the largest deposits in the world.